在初中英语学习中，被动语态是一个非常重要的语法知识点，尤其在中考英语中频繁出现。掌握好被动语态不仅有助于理解句子的结构，还能在写作和阅读中提高表达的准确性。本文将对中考英语中常见的被动语态进行详细讲解，并附上相关练习题，帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法点。
一、什么是被动语态？
被动语态是英语中的一种句式结构，用于强调动作的承受者，而不是执行者。在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的接受者，而动作的执行者通常由“by”引导的短语来表示。
被动语态的基本结构为：
be + 过去分词
例如：
The book was written by him.（这本书是他写的。）
在这个句子中，“the book”是动作“write”的承受者，因此使用了被动语态。
二、常见时态的被动语态结构
| 时态 | 被动语态结构 | 例句 |
|------|---------------|------|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + 过去分词 | The cake is made by my mother. |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + 过去分词 | The window was broken yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | will be + 过去分词 | The meeting will be held tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are being + 过去分词 | The car is being repaired now. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were being + 过去分词 | The house was being painted when I arrived. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been + 过去分词 | The problem has been solved. |
| 过去完成时 | had been + 过去分词 | The letter had been sent before I came. |
三、被动语态的使用场景
1. 当动作的执行者不重要或未知时
例如：The building was built in 1980.（这座大楼建于1980年。）
2. 当强调动作的承受者时
例如：The new rule was introduced last week.（新规定上周出台了。）
3. 在科技、新闻、说明文等正式文体中
例如：The experiment was conducted in a laboratory.（实验是在实验室里进行的。）
四、常见错误与注意事项
1. 不要遗漏“be”动词
错误：The book wrote by him.
正确：The book was written by him.
2. 注意动词的过去分词形式
有些动词的过去分词形式与原形相同（如cut, put），有些则不同（如go → gone）。
3. 避免混淆主动与被动语态
例如：主动语态：They are painting the wall.
被动语态：The wall is being painted.
五、中考真题示例
例题1：
The new bridge _______ next year.
A. builds
B. will build
C. is built
D. will be built
答案：D
解析：本句表示“新桥将在明年建成”，应使用一般将来时的被动语态。
例题2：
This kind of computer _______ in China.
A. makes
B. is making
C. is made
D. made
答案：C
解析：表示“这种电脑在中国制造”，用一般现在时的被动语态。
六、练习题
一、选择题
1. The letters _______ by the postman yesterday.
A. were sent
B. sent
C. are sent
D. send
2. This song _______ by many people all over the world.
A. is loved
B. loves
C. was loved
D. love
3. The cake _______ in the oven for two hours.
A. is baked
B. was baked
C. has been baked
D. bake
4. The report _______ by the teacher tomorrow.
A. will be written
B. writes
C. is written
D. will write
二、改写句子（改为被动语态）
1. They planted trees in the park.
→ _______________
2. The teacher explained the grammar to us.
→ _______________
3. We have finished the work.
→ _______________
七、参考答案
一、选择题答案
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. A
二、改写句子答案
1. Trees were planted in the park.
2. The grammar was explained to us by the teacher.
3. The work has been finished.
通过系统地学习和练习，相信同学们能够熟练掌握中考英语中的被动语态，提升英语综合能力，为考试打下坚实基础。
